Rhythmic Oscillations Inhibiting Equilibrium in Visual Cortex Circuits Discovered by Shanghai Organic Institute

[ Instrument Network Instrument R & D ] He Kaiwen, a researcher at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Alfredo Kirkwood team at Johns Hopkins University, for the first time discovered the balance between the excitation and inhibition of neurons (E / I balance ) Presents rhythmic oscillations in the diurnal cycle.
Through further research, it was found that the oscillation is neural circuit specific and tightly regulated by the sleep / wake experience. Endocannabinoids in the brain are key molecules that mediate this regulation. A research paper entitled Daily Oscillations of the Excitation-Inhibition Balance in Visual Cortical Circuits was published in the academic journal Neuron on December 9. Michelle Bridi of Johns Hopkins University and Zong Fangzheng of the Shanghai Institute of Biology and Chemistry Interdisciplinary Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are co-first authors, and Kaiwen He and Alfredo Kirkwood are co-corresponding authors.
The processing and transmission of information by neurons depends on excitatory synapses such as glutamate to transmit neural signals, and also depends on inhibitory synapses such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to conduct time and space in signal transmission Restrictions. Just as the cooperation of the accelerator and brake determines whether the vehicle can drive safely and correctly, the balance between the excitation and inhibition of neurons (E / I balance) is a key factor that determines the function of neurons and neural networks, which can affect the animal's Social behavior and sensory perception. At the same time, a large number of studies have found that E / I balance is also closely related to various neurological diseases. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of E / I balance is important for understanding the regulation of brain function and related brain diseases.
Regarding the regulation of neuron E / I balance, the current mainstream view is that neurons can maintain stable E / I balance through a rapid plasticity adjustment mechanism, thereby ensuring the normal functioning of neurons. However, just like cars in different driving scenarios, such as highways vs. city trunk roads, the usage ratio of accelerator and brake is obviously different, the brain will experience different physiological states throughout the day, and its information processing needs are not consistent.
In the above work, the researchers revealed a new regulation method and possible mechanism of E / I balance, and found that there is a slow-acting periodic regulation mechanism in the E / I balance of day and night neurons, which can greatly change E / I The value of I balance in different periods. This is not inconsistent with the currently known reliance on plasticity to quickly stabilize the E / I balance, the former needs to be achieved several hours after the day and night conversion, while the latter occurs within a few minutes or even less. Researchers believe that the E / I balance will remain stable for the remainder of the same cycle after reaching a new set value, at which point it is likely to be a plastic regulatory mechanism.
The above work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

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